Zone of Proximal Development Definition, Examples

The zone of proximal development is the gap between what a learner has mastered and what they can potentially master with support and assistance. This concept, highly influential in educational psychology, was first introduced by Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky in the 1930s. Origins Lev Vygotsky, who was interested in education and the learning process, felt that standardized tests were an inadequate measure of a childs readiness for further learning. He contended that standardized tests measure the child’s current independent knowledge while overlooking the child’s potential capability to successfully learn new material. Vygotsky recognized that a certain amount of learning happens automatically as children mature, a notion championed by developmental psychologists like Jean Piaget. However, Vygotsky also believed that in order to advance their learning even further, children must engage in social interaction with more knowledgeable others. These more knowledgeable others, like parents and teachers, introduce children to the tools and skills of their culture, such as writing, math, and science. Vygotsky passed away at a young age before he could fully develop his theories, and his work wasn’t translated from his native Russian for a number of years following his death. Today, however, Vygotskys ideas are important in the study of education—especially the process of teaching. Definition The zone of proximal development is the gap between what a student can do independently and what they can potentially do with the help of a more knowledgeable other. Vygotsky defined the zone of proximal development as follows: â€Å"The zone of proximal development is the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.† In the zone of proximal development, the learner is close to developing the new skill or knowledge, but they need assistance and encouragement. For example, imagine a student has just mastered basic addition. At this point, basic subtraction may enter their zone of proximal development, meaning that they have the ability to learn subtraction and will likely be able to master it with guidance and support. However, algebra is probably not in this students zone of proximal development yet, as mastering algebra requires an understanding of numerous other fundamental concepts. According to Vygotsky, the zone of proximal development offers learners the best chance to master new skills and knowledge, so the student should be taught subtraction, not algebra, after mastering addition. Vygotsky noted that a childs current knowledge is not equivalent to their zone of proximal development. Two children might receive equal scores on a test of their knowledge (e.g. demonstrating knowledge of at an eight-year-old level), but different scores on a test of their problem-solving ability (both with and without adult help). If learning is taking place in the zone of proximal development, only a small amount of assistance will be required. If too much assistance is given, the child may learn only to parrot the teacher rather than mastering the concept independently. Scaffolding Scaffolding refers to the support given to the learner who is attempting to learn something new in the zone of proximal development. That support might include tools, hands-on activities, or direct instruction. When the student first begins to learn the new concept, the teacher will offer a great deal of support. Over time, the support is gradually tapered off until the learner has fully mastered the new skill or activity. Just as a scaffold is removed from a building when construction is complete, the teachers support is removed once the skill or concept has been learned. Learning to ride a bike offers an easy example of scaffolding. At first, a child will ride a bike with training wheels to ensure that the bike stays upright. Next, the training wheels will come off and a parent or other adult may run alongside the bicycle helping the child to steer and balance. Finally, the adult will step aside once can ride independently. Scaffolding is typically discussed in conjunction with the zone of proximal development, but Vygotsky himself did not coin the term. The concept of scaffolding was introduced in the 1970s as an expansion of Vygotskys ideas. Role in the Classroom The zone of proximal development is a useful concept for teachers. To ensure that students are learning in their zone of proximal development, teachers must provide new opportunities for students to work slightly beyond their current skills and provide ongoing, scaffolded support to all students. The zone of proximal development has been applied to the practice of reciprocal teaching, a form of reading instruction. In this method, teachers lead students in executing four skills—summarizing, questioning, clarifying, and predicting—when reading a passage of text. Gradually, students take over the responsibility for utilizing these skills themselves. Meanwhile, the teacher continues to offer assistance as needed, reducing the amount of support they provide over time. Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"What is the Zone of Proximal Development?† Verywell Mind, 29 December 2018. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-zone-of-proximal-development-2796034Crain, William. Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications. 5th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding.† Simply Psychology, 2012. https://www.simplypsychology.org/Zone-of-Proximal-Development.htmlVygotsky, L. S. Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Harvard University Press, 1978.

The Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln - 813 Words

you are going to learn a lot about five of the president that this country has had.The five presidents are Abraham. John Kennedy. Ronald Reagan George washignton Anytime before 1778 Lincolns dad wasn t born but, In 1778 Lincolns dad was born(Abraham,Lincoln). he was the 16th president and is on the penny. do you know him if not you will soon. he is Abraham Lincoln. he was born on febuary 12 in 1809. and in 1811 moved to a 230 acre farm in kentucky. and his brother tomas died in 1812. Three years later he moved to indiana.in 1817 he shot his first and last turkey because he didn t want to kill animals. in 1818 he got kicked in the head by a horse and was thought to be dead at age 15 he liked to be called abe. in 1820 to 1824 he went†¦show more content†¦in 1960(john.F.kennedy) At age 24 he was the youngest president kennedy faced a difficult battle against his republican opponent he ran for president and he got it. Then he sent peace corps they were young volunteers. john was one of the most popular presidents. john became a international icon. everybody wanted to be like him.in 1963 he was assassinated by lee harvey and he would be known as a communist he was arrested for the killing but he was shot by jack ruby while he was being led into the jail. John Kennedy and Ronald Reagan Are connected for being presidencies. Ronald reagan he was born 2/16/1911 he fought more military operations than any other presidents. his nickname was dutch. as a kid he worked as a life guard. After he signed. A contract with warners and for the next 3 decades he appeared in more than 50 movies. he adopted a son in 1948. then Ronald and Patricia Reagan had 2 kids. In the middle east Reagan sent 800 troops marines(Ronald,Reagan). The marines were supposed to be peace keeping but they kept it just under control no more riots or fights. In 1984 ronal was re elected beating his opponent by a landslide. Reagan had 44 out of the fifty states votes. that election is the biggest landslide the U.S has ever seen. Ronald Reagan and George Washington are connected by being presidents. George Washington was known for a lot but he s not known for being leader of the continental army.(Washington,George)George Washington

Early Child Education and Care Psychological and Cognitive Developmen

Question: Discuss about theEarly Child Education and Carefor Psychological and Cognitive Developments. Answer: Introduction Physical, psychological and cognitive developments of a child play a significant role in the upbringing of a child. Development delays and disabilities can at times impact negatively during the whole learning process of a child and should be recognized early, and appropriate interventions are taken to prevent further deterioration as well as promote recovery. Equally, the causative and risk factors should be identified early in the effort of enhancing the health of a child. Various factors influence development of a child across lifespans such as environmental factors, malnutrition, sociocultural factors, heredity, socioeconomic factors and health issues The environment in which children grows in influence their early learning significantly. The environment can be a home surrounding, school, daycare or any place where a child spends a considerable amount of time. The people with whom a child interacts contribute in the shaping of their personality. The child learns by observing how people interact with each other and if the skill is nurtured through motivation and reward, they and develop well cognitively, mentally and psychologically. Other factors that impact on the development of a child within their environment are the size of the family, family structure and friendliness of the school environment can determine the success in the acquisition of essential life skills. Additionally, accidents and hazards to which a person if exposed can prevent healthy growth (Cutter-Mackenzie, Boyd, Moore, Edwards SpringerLink, 2014). Malnutrition is another factor that affects the wellbeing of a child. Malnutrition predisposes a child to infection due to reduced immunity. Therefore the general health of a child is affected, a phenomenon that leads to altered interaction between the environment and learning of skills. It may also lead to poor neurocognitive development and maturation due to lack of the essential requirements that are necessary for the establishment of a healthy nervous system. Poor physical development may also affect the childs ability to learn various life skills (Gonzalez-Mena Eyer, 2012). Sociocultural factors such as the cultural beliefs, practices, values, norms and the society interaction at large influences ones development from childhood to adulthood. It also results in discrepancies in the proper development from one place to another due to the variation in the cultural aspects of different communities. According to Termini (2015), social discriminations associated with gender, age, social status and physical disability among others impact on the childs intellectual and social development negatively. This can be due to the anxiety and reduced self-esteem associated with the discrimination. Heredity and genes determine the physical characteristics of an individual such as gender, race, physique, cognitive abilities and interests (Gonzalez-Mena Eyer, 2012). Consequently, these features also determine how a child interacts with the environment. They also contribute significantly to the shaping of ones personality. Since hereditary factors cannot be altered, disability related to it cannot be treated, but supportive strategies can be used to help the affected children assume a normal development process. Socioeconomic status of the family one is brought up and the entire society influences interaction with other people, activities one involves themselves in and the facilities to which they have access. Financial capability of a family determines the kind of neighborhoods, educational and health institutions and services a person received which in extension have a direct impact on their general development. Moreover, it also determines nutrition of a developing child beside also affecting self-confidence, self-perception, self-consciousness, and self-esteem. Health issues and factors affect growth and development of a person across the life span. Mental health problems can lead to emotional and behavioral health problems and the general interaction with other people. Reaction from the environment can also impact on the child in all aspects of health-physical, mental, spiritual and mental health. Anxiety, stress, and depression due to health issues may lead to drug abuse and dependence which has detrimental effects on personal growth and development. Certain chronic medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular conditions that require frequent prolonged hospitalization may affect the childs intellectual and social development due to lack of attending school (Gonzalez-Mena Eyer, 2012). Developmental delay is a lack of milestone achievement by a child within the expected age ranges leading slow growth and development and even disability. Language and speech delay is characterized by the inability to effectively communicate with people through verbal expressions within the appropriate age ranges (Petty, 2016). It symptomatically presents with failure to exhibit verbal expression by the age of more than two years. It may also be identified when a child of more than four years speech id usually incomprehensible and incoherent. Use of gestures by the end of gestures and imitation by 18 months is expected in a healthy child whereby the contrary indicates delayed development or disability. Motor delay includes the inability of a child to balance, ambulate, and making use of various body parts including upper and lower limbs and coordination of the eyes. Children usually have difficulty in assembling items, walk, sit or stand. Furthermore, they express extreme reactions in response to mild pain or touch. Motor delays can be associated with poor neurocognitive development that affects the nervous system (Petty, 2016). Social and emotional delays involve the reduced or later achievement of ability to have meaningful relationship and interaction with other people including peers in a socially acceptable manner. Children with social and emotional delayed milestones display play skills that are inappropriate for their age. They may not correctly read and interpret social cues and hence resulting in inappropriate behavior. In the same way, they have emotional problems while relating with peers (Ritblatt, 2016). Cognitive delays are observed through assessment of a childs ability to learn, memorize and display age appropriate thinking skills. Signs of delayed milestone achievement may be through lack of following simple instructions by above the age of 2 years. Children may also find it difficult to imitate actions and speeches. In most cases, early detection can be made through realizing a child of 1 year not searching for hidden items while they are seeing (Gonzalez-Mena Eyer, 2012). Dyslexia is a learning disability that presents with difficulties and problems with accurate or fluent word recognition, poor decoding and poor spelling abilities (Luby, 2016). Children with this disability may be generally intelligent but read at a level lower than their peers. As stipulated by Marjanovic?, Kranjc, Fekonja and Bajc (2016), some of the known causes are heredity of traits that affect the auditory and visual processing and physical agents such as infections and chemical exposure during language development. Low birth weight, child exposure to nicotine and positive family histories are risk factors of disorder. Therefore, the auditory and language processing as well as visual interpretation of objects and words may be affected. Anxiety may also contribute in the worsening of the condition. The signs and symptoms that are observed are challenges in spelling words, rapid uncoordinated visual-verbal responding and challenges in the manipulation of sounds, reduced reading, fluency and comprehension. On the other hand, dyspraxia which is also known as developmental coordination disorder affects the physical and motor coordination of a person (Luby, 2016). It, therefore, results in restriction in the performance of physical activities. It can be observed as clumsy behavior. Furthermore, performance in daily activities and sports does not meet expectations of their age. It can be caused by a premature delivery which leads to poor development of nervous system, low birth weight, alcohol exposure of a child during pregnancy and consumption of other illicit drugs. Heredity and a positive family history of the condition are the primary risk factors (Britto, Clure, Stansbery Fenn, 2014). References Britto, P. R., Clure, C. M., Stansbery, P., Fenn, T. (July 01, 2014). Early childhood development.Health issues,28. Cutter-Mackenzie, A., Boyd, W., Moore, D., Edwards, S., SpringerLink 2014).Young Children's Play and Environmental Education in Early Childhood Education. (Springer eBooks.) Cham: Springer International Publishing. Gonzalez-Mena, J., Eyer, D. W. (2012).Infants, toddlers, and caregivers: A curriculum of respectful, responsive, relationship-based, care and education. New York: McGraw-Hill. Luby, J. L. (2016).Handbook of preschool mental health: Development, disorders, and treatment. New York: Guilford Press. Marjanovic?, U. L., Kranjc, S., Fekonja, U., Bajc, K. (January 01, 2016). Quality of the preschool and home environment as a context of children's language development.European Early Childhood Education Research Journal,14,1, 131-147. Petty, K. (2016).Developmental milestones of young children. St. Paul, MN: Redleaf Press Ritblatt, S. N. (March 14, 2016). The Early Childhood Socio-Emotional and Behavior Regulation Intervention Specialist (EC-SEBRIS) training model: a crossroad of mental health and early childhood education.Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice,11,1, 48-60. Termini, A. M. (January 16, 2015). Preschool Development.Cooperative Parenting Blog,1, 4-26.

The Mirror with a Memory Essay Example

The Mirror with a Memory Essay I read an essay, The Mirror with a Memory written by James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle.As a photography student, I find this essay very interesting. It does make an impact on me in some ways.For many years, people were debating the issue about whether or not photography is art?I feel that this essay did help my perception in considering photography as an art or not.The main idea of the essay is that pictures present a distant meaning to a story and have an impact on the audience while showing a picture of reality. Sometimes, written history is not necessarily that important in the history of photography.The bodies of paragraphs will point out the importance of history of immigrants during that period such as, how does muckrakers such as Jacob Riis make an impact on journalist history during late 1800s and early 1900s, the assumption on Old immigrants vs. New immigrants, and lastly, my opinion with The Mirror with a Memory. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, there were about 2 million immigrants who arrived in New York City.This caused a lot of poverty problems in terms of quality of life in New York City. There also were a lot of problems in another American cities as well. Epidemics such as typhus, scarlet fever, cholera, and many more spread through the cities.There was a lack of indoor plumbing and running water.The countless list of problems that new immigrants faced every day in their lives almost destroyed their dreams of pursuit for happiness, wealth, and better lives.It was said that realtors renovated many mansions of the rich so they were able to put as many families as they could in one mansion.This shows the hardship in each Americans daily lives as every family member, from children to adults, had to work so hard to support themselves.The essay, The mirror with a Memory vividly describes how they actually

Free Essays on My Fashion

In my lifetime I have worn many different types of styles ad well as participated in a few new fashion trends. Three styles I participated in were â€Å"dress codes†, â€Å"vintage/preppy†, and â€Å"designer clothing.† Some of the reasons for changing the way you dress have to do with your environment, surroundings, and the people whom which you associate with. When I was in sixth grade, I transferred to a private school. Our dress code consisted of a blue polo shirt and khaki pants or a white polo shirt and blue pants. We wore this clothing because it was what was expected of us. I didn’t like the style and thought it was rather boring, but I did it because my parents made me. I tried to find ways to make this dress code a little bit more unique. I would wear a blue belt with my khaki pants and hope that maybe I would stand out in a school of three hundred or so kids. Wearing the same thing in school eliminated the competition. The school didn’t want the kids to compete over who was wearing the nicer alfit so they made it the same. At this point in my life I wasn’t yet an individual. I went with the flow and tried not to be completely different than all the other kids. I didn’t have the confidence and security yet to do so. When you’re a kid you want to be life everybody else because you donâ⠂¬â„¢t want people to make fun of y! ou, even if you feel different kids can be very mean. It’s hard to have meaningful self-exploration when you are young because you are just trying to fit in and that it hard enough. When you get a little older and more secure than you can begin the journey of self-discovery and make it show, in ways of clothes and hairstyle, etc. In a way I was always a little bit different than all of my friends. I knew that I would need to find a way to stick out, but I didn’t necessarily want it to be through clothing (at least not yet). Private school was in a way trying to make everyone look exa... Free Essays on My Fashion Free Essays on My Fashion In my lifetime I have worn many different types of styles ad well as participated in a few new fashion trends. Three styles I participated in were â€Å"dress codes†, â€Å"vintage/preppy†, and â€Å"designer clothing.† Some of the reasons for changing the way you dress have to do with your environment, surroundings, and the people whom which you associate with. When I was in sixth grade, I transferred to a private school. Our dress code consisted of a blue polo shirt and khaki pants or a white polo shirt and blue pants. We wore this clothing because it was what was expected of us. I didn’t like the style and thought it was rather boring, but I did it because my parents made me. I tried to find ways to make this dress code a little bit more unique. I would wear a blue belt with my khaki pants and hope that maybe I would stand out in a school of three hundred or so kids. Wearing the same thing in school eliminated the competition. The school didn’t want the kids to compete over who was wearing the nicer alfit so they made it the same. At this point in my life I wasn’t yet an individual. I went with the flow and tried not to be completely different than all the other kids. I didn’t have the confidence and security yet to do so. When you’re a kid you want to be life everybody else because you donâ⠂¬â„¢t want people to make fun of y! ou, even if you feel different kids can be very mean. It’s hard to have meaningful self-exploration when you are young because you are just trying to fit in and that it hard enough. When you get a little older and more secure than you can begin the journey of self-discovery and make it show, in ways of clothes and hairstyle, etc. In a way I was always a little bit different than all of my friends. I knew that I would need to find a way to stick out, but I didn’t necessarily want it to be through clothing (at least not yet). Private school was in a way trying to make everyone look exa...

Design SSRD (single subject research design) in early childhood Essay

Design SSRD (single subject research design) in early childhood - Essay Example The child who participated in this study, Lulu, attends a daycare three days a week from 7am to 5pm. At the time of the study, Lulu was 24 months old. Lulu’s family has a diverse background. Her father is from Middle Eastern descent and speaks Arabic and English. Her mother is from European descent and she speaks Russian and English. In daycare Lulu is only exposed to English and baby sign. Lulu met the criteria for a normal developing child according to the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Lulu’s overall development is age appropriate in motor skills, social-emotional, and self-help. Lulu’s language is age appropriate. Lulu is very sociable and enjoys talking to other children and adults. Lulu knows that when she is around family she can speak either Arabic or Russian. She knows to use English at daycare and with new people that she meets The dependent variable was Lulu’s verbal language. Lulu uses several of Arabic, Russian, and English words. For example she says water in Arabic only (mai) and the ball she always says it in Russian (mathci). She says night night if she is sleepy and wants to go to bed in addition to Baba, Mama, bye, milk and auntie. Lulu uses around 100 single words and she uses two to three word phrases. Also, she uses sounds to point for things that she do not know their names or it is difficult to say such as, oi oi oi if she wants us to open something for her. After the study we would like to see Lulu continue expanding her verbal language The research team will observe Lulu for 30 days. The researcher will count the number of verbal words that she uses and the number of baby sign used. The measurement would be event sampling of parent use of baby sign language. The researchers will use a checklist of parent implementation of baby sign. The baseline would be Lulu’s use of verbal language with people without mom using baby sign. During the B condition (intervention) mom will use baby sign.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles - Essay Example The preparation of financial statements and accounts in accordance with the GAAP helps the capital markets to operate efficiently (Everingham,  Kleynhans and  Posthumus, 2007). Fidelity Investments Company is a well known mutual fund that offers portfolio of investments to their clients. The portfolio solutions are provided by the Fidelity Investments Company by selecting stocks of companies listed in the New York Stock Exchange as well as in other stock exchanges in the worldwide markets. For this, the company invests billions of dollars in various stocks listed in the well known stock exchanges. The investments in these companies by Fidelity Investment Company are done after analysis of the risk and return on investments by their analysts. Thus the Fidelity Investment Analysts undertake analysis of the financial statements of the companies listed in various stock exchanges including New York for formation of the investment portfolio. As the accounting standards in different countries are different and are influenced by a several factors like the capital market environment, financial reporting requirements, form of business ownerships, corporate culture, etc; it is important for the Fidelity Investment Analysts that the accounting and financial information presented in the consolidated statements of the chosen companies adhere to the accounting standards as mentioned in GAAP. The preparation of financial statements of companies according to GAAP and audited by independent and certified public accountants guarantees true and fair financial information of the companies that are comparable across all jurisdictions. This is important for the Fidelity Investment Analysts as they would able to compare the projected financials of the company in the international context and calculate the risk and return of the portfolio of investments in an accurate manner (Gibson, 2010). This would enhance the abilities of Fidelity Investment Company in maximizing the